Compounds and their uses

ABSTRACT

Compounds having a mimetic or antagonistic property of an inositol phosphoglycan, and the uses of these compounds are disclosed, together with the use, e.g. to treat a condition ameliorated by administration of an IPG second messenger or an IPG antagonist thereof. Preferred compounds of the invention are based on the substituted cyclitols, and in particular cyclitols linked to a sugar moiety where the molecule is substituted with a negatively charged group such as phosphate.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/203,599, filed May 12, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in this application.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds and their uses, and in particular to compounds which have a mimetic or antagonistic property of an inositol phosphoglycan, and the uses of these compounds, e.g. to treat a condition ameliorated by administration of an IPG second messenger or an IPG antagonist thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many of the actions of growth factors on cells are thought to be mediated by a family of inositol phosphoglycan (IPG) second messengers^([13]). It is thought that the source of IPGs is a “free” form of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) situated in cell membranes. IPGs are thought to be released by the action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases following binding of growth factors to receptors on the cell surface. There is evidence that IPGs mediate the action of a large number of growth factors including insulin, nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β, the action of IL-2 on B-cells and T-cells, ACTH signalling of adrenocortical cells, IgE, FSH and hCG stimulation of granulosa cells, thyrotropin stimulation of thyroid cells, cell proliferation in the early developing ear and rat mammary gland.

Partially characterised inositolphosphoglycans (IPGs) have been postulated to mediate the action of a number of growth factors including insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)^([1]). Despite their isolation from several tissues type, the precise chemical structures of these IPGs are, however, still unknown and two main structural groups have been proposed on the basis of the chemical composition^([2,3]) which display different biological activity and tissue distribution^([4]); the family of glucosamine-myo-inositol containing IPGs (IPG-A) and the family of chiro-inositol-galactosamine containing IPGs (IPG-P).

In an attempt to establish the minimal structural requirements for biological activity, a number of compounds containing some of the basic structural motifs that have been postulated for IPG mediators have been synthesised in the art^([5]). These synthetic compounds include O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1-6)-chiro-inositol 1-phosphate and O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1-6)-myo-inositol 1-phosphate^([6]).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,938 (Hoechst) discloses a group of synthetic inositol glycans having insulin-like action. The compounds are based on 2-6 monsaccharide units linked to an inositol moiety. The examples in the patent all employ myo-inositol and are composed of 5 or 6 units apart from two pseudo-trisaccharide compounds G and H. Compounds G and H are HO—PO(H)O-6Man-α(1-4)-GluN-α(1-6)-(L)inositol-1,2(cyclic) phosphate and HO—PO(H)O-6Man-α(1-4)-GluN-α(1-6)-(L)inositol, otherwise known as O-(6-hydrogenphosphonate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-4)-(2-ammonio-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-6)-L-myo-inositol-1,2-cyclic phosphate and O-(6-hydrogenphosphonate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1-4)-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-L-myo-inositol. The properties of exemplified compounds are investigated in lipogenesis and glucose transport assays employing rat fat cells.

WO96/14075 (University of Virginia) discloses a generic family of compounds D-hexosamines linked to an inositol via a β1,4-linkage. The inositols can be myo or chiro-inositol or pinitol, while the hexosamines are glucosamine or galactosamine. However, this application describes the synthesis of just two compounds 4-O-(2-deoxy-2-amino-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-pinitol and 4-O-(2-deoxy-2-amino-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-chiro-inositol, or in IUPAC notation O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-D-pinitol and O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-D-chiro-inositol.

WO99/06421 (University of Virginia) describes synthetic insulin mimetic substances and includes a general formula I showing β1,4-linked disaccharides. However, despite this the compounds synthesised in this application are exactly the same as those disclosed in the applicant's earlier application, WO96/14075.

A multi-step synthesis of a IPG-P mimetic from glucose has been previously reported in Jaramillo et al^([6]), which discloses a compound called C4, 1-D-6-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-chiro-inositol 1-phosphate. A further synthesis of C4 is described in our co-pending International Patent Application PCT/GB99/03715 (Rademacher Group Limited). Zapata et al^([16]) discloses three other compounds C1-C3 which are:

C1 1-D-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol 1-phosphate.

C2 1-D-6-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol 1-phosphate.

C3 1-D-6-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol 1,2 cyclic-phosphate.

It remains a significant problem in the art to produce synthetic compounds which can mimic one or more of the activities of inositol phosphoglycans or which act as antagonists of IPGs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly, the present invention relates to IPG mimetic and antagonist compounds and to methods of producing the compounds and to their medical uses. The compounds disclosed herein are useful as synthetic mimetics of IPG-P or IPG-A second messengers and/or growth factors whose action is mediated by IPGs, or a competitive antagonists of IPGs In particular, the present invention is based on surprising finding that compounds comprising a sugar residue linked to a cyclitol, wherein the sugar residue is substituted with one or more negatively charged groups, such as phosphate or other phosphoryl groups, have one or more as IPG or IPG antagonists biological activities.

Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a compound represented by the general formula:

X-cyclitol

wherein:

X represents a sugar residue;

the sugar residue is substituted with one or more negatively charged groups;

the sugar residue and cyclitol are linked by an α or β linkage other than a β1,4 linkage;

the sugar residue is optionally further substituted with between one and three groups, and the cyclitol is unsubstituted or is substituted with between one and five groups, the group or groups independently selected from:

(a) phosphoryl groups such as phosphate —O—P(O)(OH)₂; thiophosphate —O—P(S)(O)₂; phosphate esters —O—P(O)(OR)₂; thiophosphate esters —O—P(S)(OR)₂; phosphonate —O—P(O)OHR; thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OHR; substituted phosphonate —O—P(O)OR₁R₂; substituted thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OR₁R₂; —O—P(S)(OH)(SH); cyclic phosphate;

(b) other phosphorus containing compounds such as phosphoramidite —O—P(OR)—NR₁R₂ and phosphoramidate —O—P(O)(OR)—NR₁R₂;

(c) sulphur groups such as —O—S(O)(OH), —SH, —SR, —S(—O)—R, —S(O)₂R, RO—S(O)₂ ⁻, —O—SO₂NH₂, —O—SO₂R₁R₂ or sulphamide —NHSO₂NH₂;

(d) amino groups such as —NHR, —NR₁R₂, —NHAc, —NHCOR, —NH—O—COR, —NHSO₃ ⁻, —NHSO₂R, —N(SO₂R)₂, and/or amidino groups such as —NH—C(═NH)NH₂ and/or ureido groups such as —NH—CO—NR₁R₂ or thiouriedo groups such as —NH—C(S)—NH₂;

(e) hydroxy groups and substituted hydroxy groups such as —OR₃, where R₃ is C₁₋₁₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, e.g. CHF₂ or CF₃, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl (unsubstituted alkyl), alkylene (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl), —OCOR, aryl, heteroaryl, acetal, or where two hydroxyl groups are joined as a ketal;

(f) halogen substituents such as fluorine or chlorine;

(g) hydrogen, e.g. to provide a deoxy sugar;

wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₁₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or aryl.

The compounds may be provided as racemic or diasteromeric mixtures, resolved or partially resolved optical isomers, and as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and derivatives as discussed in more detail below.

Examples of groups which may be negatively charged depending on the pH conditions include phosphoryl groups such as phosphate —O—P(O)(OH)₂; thiophosphate —O—P(S)(OH)₂; phosphonate —O—P(O)OHR; thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OHR; —O—P(S)(OH)(SH); cyclic phosphate; or sulphur groups such as —O—S(O)(OH); or carboxylate groups such as carboxylic acid.

Preferably, the sugar residue is substituted at one or more positions other than the position of linkage to the cyclitol. In embodiments disclosed herein, the sugar residue is substituted at positions 3 and/or 4 and/or 6.

Preferably, the sugar residue is a hexose or a pentose, and may be an aldose or a ketose. The sugar residue can a member of the D or L series and can include amino sugars, deoxy sugars and their uronic acid derivatives. Preferably, where the sugar residue is a hexose, it is selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose or mannose, or substituted hexose sugar residues such as an amino sugar residue such as hexosamine, galactosamine or glucosamine, and more preferably D-glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose) or D-galactosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose). Preferred pentose sugar residues include arabinose, fucose and ribose. The sugar residue is optionally substituted at one, two, three or four positions, other than the position of linkage to the cyclitol moiety.

The cyclitol moiety is preferably selected from myo-inositol, chiro-inositol or pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol), in either their D or L forms, and is optionally substituted at one or more of the positions other than the position of linkage to the sugar radical, or in the case of pinitol additionally the 3-position. The sugar radical is optionally substituted at one, two, three or four positions other than at the position of linkage to the inositol moiety (the anomeric position). Where the cyclitol moiety is substituted at the 3-position (e.g. is a pinitol or a related compound), preferably the substituent is C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, and may be a substituted or unsubstituted primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl group, e.g. CF₃. Examples of substituted groups include CF₃, X(CH₂)_(n)—O— (where X is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl), CHF₂O—. A preferred alkyl group is methyl when the cyclitol is D or L-pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol), and is optionally substituted at one or more of the positions other than the 3-position or the position of linkage to the sugar residue. In further embodiments, the cyclitol may have one or more of the hydroxyl groups through which the substituents described above are removed so that any substituent(s) are linked to the ring carbon atom. The sugar residue is optionally substituted at one, two or three positions other than at the position of linkage to the inositol moiety.

Preferably, the linkage position of the sugar residue to the cyclitol is selected from a 1,1 linkage, 1,2 linkage, 1,4 linkage or 1,5 linkage or 1,6 linkage. The linkage between the units is preferably via one of the oxygen atoms of the cyclitol moiety. However, this oxygen atom can be replaced one or more times by —CH₂— or —S— groups. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the linkage of the sugar residue to the cyclitol is 1,6 but may be in either the α or β configuration.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound represented by the general formula:

X-α1,6-cyclitol

wherein:

X represents a sugar residue,

the sugar residue is substituted with one or more negatively charged groups;

the sugar residue and cyclitol are linked by an α or β linkage other than a β1,4 linkage;

the sugar residue is optionally further substituted with between one and three groups, and the cyclitol is unsubstituted or is substituted with between one and five groups, the group or groups independently selected from:

(a) phosphoryl groups such as phosphate —O—P(O)(OH)₂; thiophosphate —O—P(S)(OH)₂; phosphate esters —O—P(O)(OR)₂; thiophosphate esters —O—P(S)(OR)₂; phosphonate —O—P(O)OHR; thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OHR; substituted phosphonate —O—P(O)OR₁R₂; substituted thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OR₁R₂; —O—P(S)(OH)(SH); cyclic phosphate;

(b) other phosphorus containing compounds such as phosphoramidite —O—P(OR)—NR₁R₂ and phosphoramidate —O—P(O)(OR)—NR₁R₂;

(c) sulphur groups such as —O—S(O)(OH), —SH, —SR, —S(—O)—R, —S(O)₂R, RO—S(O)₂ ⁻, —O—SO₂NH₂, —O—SO₂R₁R₂ or sulphamide —NHSO₂NH₂;

(d) amino groups such as —NHR, —NR₁R₂, —NHAc, —NHCOR, —NH—O—COR, —NHSO₃ ⁻, —NHSO₂R, —N(SO₂R)₂, and/or amidino groups such as —NH—C(═NH)NH₂ and/or ureido groups such as —NH—CO—NR₁R₂ or thiouriedo groups such as —NH—C(S)—NH₂;

(e) hydroxy groups and substituted hydroxy groups such as —OR₃, where R₃ is C₁₋₁₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, e.g. CHF₂ or CF₃, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl (unsubstituted alkyl), alkylene (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl), —OCOR, aryl, heteroaryl, acetal, or where two hydroxyl groups are joined as a ketal;

(f) halogen substituents such as fluorine or chlorine;

(g) hydrogen, e.g. to provide a deoxy sugar;

wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₁₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or aryl.

In preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a compound, or a substituted forms and derivatives thereof as defined above, selected from the group consisting of:

RGL1023 O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-6′-phosphate-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1,6)-D-myo-inositol.

RGL1027 O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-4′-phosphate-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1,6)-D-myo-inositol.

RGL1029 O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-3′-phosphate-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1,6)-D-myo-inositol.

RGL1105 1″-D-4′-O-(6″-phosphate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucanopyranosyl)-myo-inositol].

RGL1115 1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucanopyranosyl)-5-O-phosphate-myo-inositol.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides methods for making the compounds of the invention or their intermediates as set out in the following experimental description and the schemes. In a further related aspect, the present invention further relates to compounds which are the novel intermediates described herein.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides one or more of the above compounds for use in a method of medical treatment. The compounds may be useful as IPG mimetics or IPG antagonists, e.g. competitive antagonists.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of one or more of the above compounds for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a condition ameliorated by the administration of an inositol phosphoglycan (IPG) second messenger or an IPG antagonist. Examples of such conditions are set out in the pharmaceutical uses section below.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a condition in a mammal ameliorated by an inositol phosphoglycan (IPG) second messenger or an IPG antagonist, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the above compounds.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and not limitation with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Scheme 1 shows the coupling of diol 2 with trichloroacetimidate 1 resulting in 6-O-glycosylation. Subsequent manipulation of protective groups afforded compound 4.

Scheme 2 shows the production of compounds RGL1023 and RGL1027 from intermediate 4.

Scheme 3 shows the production of compound RGL1029 by coupling acceptor 2 with trichloroacetimidate 11.

Scheme 4 shows the synthesis of RGL1105.

Scheme 5 shows the synthesis of RGL1115.

FIG. 1 shows a graph of the PDH phosphatase activation of exemplary compounds of the invention as compared to myo-inositol.

FIG. 2 shows a graph of basal lipogenesis stimulation of exemplary compounds of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a graph of glucose stimulated lipogenesis stimulation of exemplary compounds of the invention.

FIG. 4 shows a graph of the PKA inhibition of exemplary compounds of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Inositol Phosphoglycans (IPGs)

IPG-A mediators modulate the activity of a number of insulin-dependent enzymes such as cAMP dependent protein kinase (inhibits), adenylate cyclase (inhibits) and cAMP phospho-diesterases (stimulates). In contrast, IPG-P mediators modulate the activity of insulin-dependent enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (stimulates) and glycogen synthase phosphatase (stimulates). The A-type mediators mimic the lipogenic activity of insulin on adipocytes, whereas the P-type mediators mimic the glycogenic activity of insulin on muscle. Both A-and P-type mediators are mitogenic when added to fibroblasts in serum free media. The ability of the mediators to stimulate fibroblast proliferation is enhanced if the cells are transfected with the EGF-receptor. A-type mediators can stimulate cell proliferation in the chick cochleovestibular ganglia.

Soluble IPG fractions having A-type and P-type activity have been obtained from a variety of animal tissues including rat tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, brain, adipose, heart) and bovine liver. IPG-A and IPG-P biological activity has also been detected in human liver and placenta, malaria parasitized RBC and mycobacteria. The ability of an anti-inositolglycan antibody to inhibit insulin action on human placental cytotrophoblasts and BC3H1 myocytes or bovine-derived IPG action on rat diaphragm and chick cochleovestibular ganglia suggests cross-species conservation of many structural features. However, it is important to note that although the prior art includes these reports of IPG-A and IPG-P activity in some biological fractions, the purification or characterisation of the agents responsible for the activity is not disclosed.

IPG-A substances are cyclitol-containing carbohydrates also containing Zn²⁺ ions and phosphate and having the properties of regulating lipogenic activity and inhibiting cAMP dependent protein kinase. They may also inhibit adenylate cyclase, be mitogenic when added to EGF-transfected fibroblasts in serum free medium, and stimulate lipogenesis in adipocytes.

IPG-P substances are cyclitol-containing carbohydrates, also containing Mn²⁺ and/or Zn²⁺ ions and phosphate and having the properties of regulating glycogen metabolism and activating pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. They may also stimulate the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase, be mitogenic when added to fibroblasts in serum free medium, and stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Methods for obtaining A-type and P-type mediators are set out in Caro et al, 1997, and in WO98/11116 and WO98/11117. Protocols for determining characteristic IPG biological activities such as PDH activation, PKA inhibition, acetylCoA activation, fructose-1,6-bis-phosphatase activity and lipogenesis are well known in the art, e.g. as described in Caro et al^([14]).

Drug Formulation

The compounds of the invention may be derivatised in various ways. As used herein “derivatives” of the compounds includes salts, coordination complexes with metal ions such as Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺, esters such as in vivo hydrolysable esters, free acids or bases, hydrates, prodrugs or lipids, coupling partners and protecting groups.

Salts of the compounds of the invention are preferably physiologically well tolerated and non toxic. Many examples of salts are known to those skilled in the art. Compounds having acidic groups, such as phosphates or sulfates, can form salts with alkaline or alkaline earth metals such as Na, K, Mg and Ca, and with organic amines such as triethylamine and Tris (2-hydroxyethyl)amine. Salts can be formed between compounds with basic groups, e.g. amines, with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, or organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, or tartaric acid. Compounds having both acidic and basic groups can form internal salts.

Esters can be formed between hydroxyl or carboxylic acid groups present in the compound and an appropriate carboxylic acid or alcohol reaction partner, using techniques well known in the art.

Derivatives which as prodrugs of the compounds are convertible in vivo or in vitro into one of the parent compounds. Typically, at least one of the biological activities of compound will be reduced in the prodrug form of the compound, and can be activated by conversion of the prodrug to release the compound or a metabolite of it. An example of prodrugs are glycolipid derivatives in which one or more lipid moieties are provided as substituents on the sugar residue or the cyclitol moieties, leading to the release of the free form of the compound by cleavage with a phospholipase enzyme. Examples of prodrugs include the use of protecting groups which may be removed in situ releasing active compound or serve to inhibit clearance of the drug in vivo. Protecting groups are well known in the art and are discussed further below. An example of a suitable protecting group that might be used as a prodrug is the azido group used in the synthesis below, e.g. on the 2-position of the sugar moiety.

Other derivatives include coupling partners of the compounds in which the compounds is linked to a coupling partner, e.g. by being chemically coupled to the compound or physically associated with it. Examples of coupling partners include a label or reporter molecule, a supporting substrate, a carrier or transport molecule, an effector, a drug, an antibody or an inhibitor. Coupling partners can be covalently linked to compounds of the invention via an appropriate functional group on the compound such as a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group or an amino group. Other derivatives include formulating the compounds with liposomes.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compounds described herein or their derivatives can be formulated in pharmaceutical compositions, and administered to patients in a variety of forms, in particular to treat conditions which are ameliorated by the administration of inositol phosphoglycan second messengers or IPG antagonists such as competitive antagonist.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may include a solid carrier such as gelatin or an adjuvant or an inert diluent. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally include a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included. Such compositions and preparations generally contain at least 0.1 wt % of the compound.

Parental administration includes administration by the following routes: intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous, nasal, intramuscular, intraocular, transepithelial, intraperitoneal and topical (including dermal, ocular, rectal, nasal, inhalation and aerosol), and rectal systemic routes. For intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, solutions of the compounds or a derivative thereof, e.g. in physiological saline, a dispersion prepared with glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycol or oils.

In addition to one or more of the compounds, optionally in combination with other active ingredient, the compositions can comprise one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabiliser, isotonicizing agent, preservative or anti-oxidant or other materials well known to those skilled in the art. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise nature of the carrier or other material may depend on the route of administration, e.g. orally or parentally.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions are typically formulated to have a pH between about 3.0 and 9.0, more preferably between about 4.5 and 8.5 and still more preferably between about 5.0 and 8.0. The pH of a composition can be maintained by the use of a buffer such as acetate, citrate, phosphate, succinate, Tris or histidine, typically employed in the range from about 1 mM to 50 mM. The pH of compositions can otherwise be adjusted by using physiologically acceptable acids or bases.

Preservatives are generally included in pharmaceutical compositions to retard microbial growth, extending the shelf life of the compositions and allowing multiple use packaging. Examples of preservatives include phenol, meta-cresol, benzyl alcohol, para-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzalconium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Preservatives are typically employed in the range of about 0.1 to 1.0% (w/v).

Preferably, the pharmaceutically compositions are given to an individual in a “prophylactically effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” (as the case may be, although prophylaxis may be considered therapy), this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual. Typically, this will be to cause a therapeutically useful activity providing benefit to the individual. The actual amount of the compounds administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc, is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors, and typically takes account of the disorder to be treated, the condition of the individual patient, the site of delivery, the method of administration and other factors known to practitioners. Examples of the techniques and protocols mentioned above can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Osol, A. (ed), 1980. By way of example, and the compositions are preferably administered to patients in dosages of between about 0.01 and 100 mg of active compound per kg of body weight, and more preferably between about 0.5 and 10 mg/kg of body weight.

The composition may further comprise one or more other pharmaceutically active agents, either further compounds of the invention, inositol phosphoglycans, growth factors such as insulin, NGF or other growth factors listed below, or other drugs, e.g. those in use for the treatment of diabetes or other conditions set out below.

Medical Uses

As set out above, IPGs are second messengers for a range of different growth factors, including insulin, nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β, the action of IL-2 on B-cells and T-cells, ACTH signalling of adrenocortical cells, IgE, FSH and hCG stimulation of granulosa cells, thyrotropin stimulation of thyroid cells, cell proliferation in the early developing ear and rat mammary gland. Consequently, IPGs or their antagonists can be used in the treatment or amelioration of disorders mediated by the growth factors or to mimic specific growth factor biological activities.

Examples of conditions which can be treated using IPGs or IPG antagonists include, diabetes, obesity, pre-eclampsia, neurotrophic disorders, hepatic damage and adrenal atrophy.

WO98/10791 discloses that pre-eclampsia is characterised by elevated levels of IPG-P and that it can be treated using an IPG-P antagonist. Compounds of the invention which are IPG-P antagonists, e.g. antagonists which compete with wild-type IPG-P but lack one or more of its activities, could be used in the treatment of pre-eclampsia.

The use of both IPG-P and IPG-A and IPG-A antagonists in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is disclosed in WO98/11435. This application discloses that in some forms of diabetes the ratio of P:A-type IPGs is imbalanced and can be corrected by administering a medicament containing an appropriate ratio of IPG-P, IPG-A or antagonist(s) thereof. In particular, it describes the treatment of obese type II diabetes (NIDDM) patients with a P-type IPG and/or an A-type IPG antagonist and the treatment of IDDM or lean type II diabetes (body mass index<27) with a mixture of P- and A-type IPGs, typically in a P:A ratio of about 6:1 for males and 4:1 for females. The compounds and compositions of the present invention can be employed in such types of treatment. More particularly, the compounds are likely to be of use in the treatment of various form of diabetes and diabetic complications including diabetes due to insulin resistance, insulin resistance in type I diabetes and brittle diabetes, obese or lean type II diabetes, and of conditions associated with insulin resistance or insulin underproduction, such as neurotrophic disorders or polycystic ovary syndrome, lipodystrophy, age-related memory loss, and post-ischaemic damage secondary to stroke or post-transplant complications.

The compounds of this invention are also likely to be of use in controlling neuron proliferation or neurite outgrowth, either in vitro or in vivo, e.g. acting as a nerve or neurite growth factor mimetic second messenger. They may thus have applications in the treatment and/or diagnosis of any condition related to neuron proliferation or neurite differentiation. WO99/38516 discloses that IPG-A and synthetic mimetics thereof cause neuron proliferation; mimicking the action of the growth factor IGF-I. In contrast, IPG-P and synthetic mimetics thereof such as compound C4 cause neurite outgrowth. The neurons may be central (brain and spinal cord) neurons, peripheral (sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory and enteric) neurons, or motor neurons. Treatments may involve the treatment of damage to nerve, spinal cord or central nervous system damage secondary to trauma, or autoimmune or metabolic damage, or post-ischaemic damage secondary to stroke or post-transplant complications, motor neuron disease, neurodegenerative disorders or neuropathy. Damage to the nervous system includes the results of trauma, stroke, surgery, infection (e.g. by viral agents), ischemia, metabolic disease, toxic agents, or a combination of these or similar causes. Motor neuron disease includes conditions involving spinal muscular atrophy, paralysis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegenerative disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Huntingdon's chorea and Meniere's disease.

The compounds of the invention may also be useful as hepatocyte growth factor mimetic second messengers, e.g. in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of hepatic damage caused by infection, alcohol abuse, drug sensitivity, or autoimmunity. The compounds may also be useful as fibroblast growth factor mimetic second messengers or epidermal growth factor mimetic second messengers, e.g. in the preparation of medicaments for the promotion of wound healing following surgery or trauma or tissue damage induced by ischaemia or autoimmunity.

In other embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be useful as adrenal cell growth factor mimetic second messengers or ACTH mimetic second messengers in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of disease states involving adrenal atrophy.

Methods of Making the Compounds

Based on the disclosure herein, the knowledge in the art and in references^([5-11]), the skilled person could couple sugar residues and cyclitols together, optionally with one or more substituents. Examples of further compounds of the invention made by analogous syntheses include RGL1105 and RGL1115.

Useful guidance on the synthesis of the exemplified compounds and for introducing the substituents set out herein is provided by the papers by Gigg & Gigg, Khiar & Martin-Lomas^([5]) and Baeschlin et al^([18]) and the references cited therein.

Phosphoryl groups such as phosphate, cyclic phosphate or substituted phosphate or cyclic phosphate can be substituted into the compounds of the invention by the phosphate or phosphoramidite method, Bannwath et al, Helvetica Chemica Acta, 70:175-186, 1987 and Yu & Fraser-Reid, Tetrahedron Lett., 29:979-982, 1988.

Phosphate protecting groups can also be synthesized according to the methods disclosed in Hoeben-Weyl, Methods of Organic Chemistry, volume 12/1 or 12/2, Teilheimer, Synthetic Methods of Organic Chemistry, Vol 45. Protecting groups for the OH of sugars include menthoxycarbonyl (MntCO), acetal (in particular, two R groups may together represent a bridging acetal such as O-cyclohexylidene, O-isopropylidene or O-benzylidene), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), benzyl (Bn), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS). Many protecting groups suitable for use in the syntheses and reactions of saccharides are known and are well documented in standard reference works. The choice depends in part on the route by which the compound is synthesised and/or on the uses to which it is to be put, including the reactions which it is subsequently intended to undergo.

Bioactivity Assays

The compounds of the invention can be tested for one or more the characteristic IPG-P and/or IPG-A activities mentioned above to determine whether they will be suitable for use a IPG mimetics or antagonists. Preferred assays measure the effect of the compounds on PDH phosphatase, PKA or lipogenesis. Protocols for these assays are provided in Caro et al^([14]).

EXAMPLES

General Methods

All reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of dry argon using oven-dried glassware and freshly distilled and dried solvents. THF and diethyl ether were distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl. Dichloromethane and acetonitrile were distilled from calcium hydride. TLC was performed on Silica gel GF₂₅₄ (Merck) with detection by charring with phosphomolibdic acid/EtOH. For flash chromatography, Silica Gel (Merck 230-400 mesh) was used. Columns were eluted with positive air pressure. Chromatographic eluents are given as volume to volume ratios (v/v). Routine NMR spectra were recorded with Bruker Avance DPX300 (¹H, 300 MHz), Bruker Avance DRX400 (¹H, 400 MHz), and Bruker Avance DRX500 (¹H, 500 MHz) spectrometers. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm, and coupling constants are reported in Hz. Spectra were referenced to the residual proton or carbon signals of the solvent. High-resolution mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos MS-80RPA 241-MC apparatus.

Optical rotations were determined with a Perkin-Elmer 341 polarimeter. Elemental analyses were performed using a Leco CHNS-932 apparatus. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.

The synthesis of compounds RGL1023, 1027 and 1029 involved the preparation of a glycosyl acceptor with position 6 free for reaction with the corresponding glycosyl donor. Diol 2 was chosen as the myo-inositol acceptor^([17]) as it can be regioselectively glycosylated at position 6. Regio- and stereoselective glycosylation of diol 2 is most conveniently performed using the trichloroacetimidate procedure with 2-azido-2-deoxy glycosyl donors bearing protective group patterns compatible with the further transforamtions required and designed as to provide an acceptable reactivity-selectivity balance in the forthcoming glycosylation reaction. Thus, use of trichloroacetimidate 1 was the glycosyl donor of choice. Coupling of 1 with 2 in diethyl ether at −20° C. using TMS triflate as promoter resulted in 6-O-glycosylation with good yield Manipulation of protective groups afforded compound 4, a key intermediate for compounds RGL 1023 and RGL 1027 (Scheme 1). Selective opening of the benzylidene protecting group on positions 4′ and 6′ of the hexosamine residue afforded 5 and 6 in good yields. These compounds, precursors of phosphorylated species RGL 1023 and RGL 1027, were subjected to treatment with phosphorylating reagent dibenzyloxi(diisopropylamino)phosphine, which afforded the corresponding phosphite derivatives. Oxidation to the phosphate form was achieved in situ by reaction with MPBCA in dichloromethane at room temperature for two hours with good yield. Trifluoracetic acid treatment of compounds 7 and 8 in dichloromethane at room temperature for 4 hours afforded diols 9 and 10 with moderate to good yields. Compounds RGL1023 and RGL1027 were obtained after hydrogenolytic debenzylation and concomitant azide reduction of 9 and 10 in buffered medium (Scheme 2).

Synthesis of compound RGL1029 required that the glycosyl donor to be used contained a protecting group in position 3 different from a benzyl group, to be introduced later on in the glycosyl acceptor residue. Thus, trichloroacetimidate 11, bearing a p-methoxy-benzyl group in position 3 was used. Coupling with acceptor 2 in the conditions described above afforded compound 12 in good yield. Trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and subsequent treatment with benzyl chloride in the presence of NaH in DMF afforded the benzylated derivative 13, which afforded precursor 14 in good yield after oxidative cleavage of the p-methoxy-benzyl group with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in dichloromethane.

Treatment of compound 14 with dibenyl(diisopropyl)phosphoramidite followed by oxidation of the phosphite group afforded compound 15 (75%). Deprotection of the ketal group on the inositol moiety was achieved by acid hydrolysis to yield compound 16 (65%), which was then subjected to catalytic hydrogenolysis to produce RGL1029 quantitatively.

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-O-benzyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl)-myo-inositol (3)

To a solution of trichloroacetimidate 2-azido-3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside 1 (1.698 g, 3.217 mmol) and 1-D-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl)-myo-inositol 2 (2.51 g, 4.507 mmol) in Et₂O (50 mL) at −20° C., trimethylsilyl trifluromethanesulfonate (29 ml, 0.160 mmol) was added. The mixture was warmed to room temperature over 5 h, quenched by addition of Et₃N (0.5 mL), filtered through celite and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc 95/5 to 75/25) to give three disaccharides: α(1-6) 3 as a white solid (55% yield).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-O-benzyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (4)

To a solution of disaccharide α(1-6) 3 (1.60 g, 1.735 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0° C., tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride was added (1 M solution in THF, 3.81 mL). After 15 min the solution was concentrated and the residue re-dissolved in DMF (15 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil (312 mg, 7.801 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.93 mL, 7.801 mmol) was added. After 2 h methanol was added. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL), washed with sat. NaCl (2×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude (hexane/AcOEt 95/5) gave product 4 (1.410 g, 1.484 mmol, 85% over two steps).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (5)

To a solution of disaccharide 4 (1.363 g, 1.431 mmol) in THF (40 mL) sodium cyanoborohydride (1M solution in THF, 21.5 mL) was added. After 15 min at r.t. hydrochloric acid (1M solution in ether) was added until evolution of hydrogen ceased. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL) and the combined organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude (hexane/AcOEt 9/1) gave the compound 5 (1.0 g, 1.050 mmol, 73%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,4′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (6)

To a solution of disaccharide 4 (460 mg, 0.484 mmol) and borane-dimethylamine complex (115 mg, 1.952 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) at 0° C., boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (254 mL, 1.963 mmol) was added dropwise. After 30 min, the stirring was continued at r.t. for 1 hour, and then the reaction quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (15 mL). The crude material was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL), washed with sat. NaCl (3×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude (hexane/AcOEt 6/1) gave compound 6 (276 mg, 0.290 mmol, 60%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-4′-dibenzyl-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (7)

To a solution of disaccharide 5 (100 mg, 0.105 mmol) and 1-H-tetrazole (30 mg, 0.428 mmol) in anh. CH₂Cl₂(10 mL) at 0° C., dibenzyl diisipropylphosphoramidite (141 mL, 0.420 mmol) was added dropwise. After the addition was completed, the icebath was removed and the solution stirred for 2 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and a solution of 70% 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (65 mg, 0.264 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 h 30 min, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), washed with sat. Na₂SO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) and sat. NaCl (2×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 4/1) gave compound 7 (100 mg, 0.082 mmol, 78%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,4′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-6′-dibenzyl-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (8)

To a solution of disaccharide 6 (150 mg, 0.157 mmol) and 1-H-tetrazole (44 mg, 0.628 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(15 mL) at 0° C., dibenzyl diisipropylphosphoramidite (212 mL, 0.630 mmol) was added dropwise. After the addition was completed, the solution was stirred at r.t. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and a solution of 70% 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (97 mg, 0.393 mmol) in anh. CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 45 min, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), washed with sat. NaHSO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) and sat. NaCl (2×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 4/1) gave compound 8 (152 mg, 0.125 mmol, 80%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-4′-dibenzyl-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (9)

To a solution of disaccharide 7 (100 mg, 0.082 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) H₂O (0.09 mL, 5 mmol), and trifluoroacetic acid (0.38 mL, 4.949 mmol) were added and the reaction stirred for 4 h at r.t. The mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaCl (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 1/1 to 1/2 and finally AcOEt 100%) gave compound 9 (60 mg, 0.056 mmol, 68%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,4′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-6′-dibenzyl-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (10)

To a solution of disaccharide 8 (110 mg, 0.091 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) H₂O (0.1 mL, 5.551 mmol), and trifluoroacetic acid (0.42 mL, 5.470 mmol) were added and the reaction stirred for 4 h at r.t. The mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaCl (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 1/1 to 1/2 and finally AcOEt 100%) gave compound 10 (84 mg, 0.078 mmol, 86%) as a white solid.

1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-4′-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol (RGL1027)

To a suspension of disaccharide 9 (16 mg, 14.840 mmol) in EtOH (0.6 mL) 10% Pd/C (3.2 mg, 0.003 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at r.t. for 36 h. The solvent was evaporated, the crude suspended in H₂O dest., filtered through celite and the filtrate lyophilized to give RGL1027 (4.6 mg, 10.919 mmol, 74%). ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz): δ5.25 (broad s, 1H, H_(1′)), 3.96 (m, 1H, H_(4′)), 3.91 (m, 2H, H_(3′)+H₂), 3.84 (m, 1H, H_(5′)), 3.82 (m, 1H, H_(6′b)), 3.61 (m, 3H, H_(6′a)+H₁+H₆), 3.52 (t, J=8.85 Hz, 1H, H₄), 3.41 (broad d, J=8.85 Hz, 1H, H₃), 3.27 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 1H, H₅), 3.18 (m, 1H, H_(2′)). ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz): d 97.40 (C_(1′)), 80.94 (C₆), 73.03 (C₅), 72.91 (C₄), 72.68 (C₂), 72.25 (C_(5′)), 72.08 (C₁), 71.99 (C_(4′)), 71.32 (C₃), 70.79 (C_(3′)), 60.36 (C_(6′a)+C_(6′b)), 55.07 (C_(2′)).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-6′-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol (RGL1023)

To a suspension of disaccharide 10 (16 mg, 14.840 mmol) in a mixture MeOH/H₂O/AcOH 9/1/0.1 (0.5 mL) 10% Pd/C (3.2 mg, 0.003 mmol) was added, and the reaction stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at r.t. for 18 h. The crude was filtered through celite with an aqueous wash and the filtrate lyophilized to give RGL1023 (5.5 mg, 13.055 mmol, 88%). ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz): δ5.23 (broad s, 1H, H_(1′)), 4.00 (m, 1H, H_(5′)), 3.99 (m, 1H, H_(6′a)), 3.90 (broad s, 1H, H₂), 3.78 (m, 1H, H_(6′b)), 3.73 (broad t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H, H_(3′)), 3.61 (m, 2H, H₁+H₆), 3.60 (m, 1H, H_(4′)), 3.53 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H, H₄), 3.40 (dd, J₁=2.3 Hz, J₂=9.1 Hz, 1H, H₃), 3.26 (broad t, J=8.9 Hz, 1H, H₅), 3.14 (m, 1H, H_(2′)). ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz): d 97.49 (C_(1′)), 81.14 (C₆), 73.69 (C₅), 72.90 (C₄), 72.72 (C₂), 72.69 (C_(5′)), 72.0 (C₁), 71.27 (C₃), 69.19 (C_(4′)), 62.5 (C_(6′a)+C_(6′b)), 56.65 (C_(3′)), 55.0 (C_(2′)).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-O-(para)methoxybenzyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl)-myo-inositol (12)

To a solution of trichloroacetimidate 2-azido-3-O-(para)methoxybenzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside 11 (166 mg, 0.298 mmol) and 1-D-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl)-myo-inositol 2 (166 mg, 0.298 mmol) in Et₂O (3 mL) at r.t., trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1 mL, 5.534 mmol) was added. After 20 minutes, the reaction was quenched by addition of Et₃N (0.1 mL), filtered through celite, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 95/5) to give disaccharide 12 (171 mg, 0.180 mmol, 60%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-O-paramethoxybenzyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (13)

To a solution of disaccharide 12 (120 mg, 0.126 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) at 0° C., tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1 M solution in THF, 284 mL) was added. The solution was warmed up to r.t. over 1 hour and then concentrated. The residue was redissolved in DMF (2 mL), cooled to 0° C. and 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil (23 mg, 0.575 mmol) and benzyl bromide (67 mL, 0.563 mmol) were added. After stirring at r.t. overnight under argon atmosphere, the excess of base was destroyed by addition of methanol, the mixture concentrated to dryness, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL), washed wit sat. NaCl (3×25 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent evaporated to dryness. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 9:1) compound 13 (98 mg, 0.100 mmol, 79%)

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (14)

To a solution of disaccharide 13 (120 mg, 0.122 mmol) in a CH₂Cl₂/H₂O 9/1 mixture (1.5 mL), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (35 mg, 0.154 mol) was added, and stirred for 30 min at r.t. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL), filtered over celite, washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL), sat. NaCl (25 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 6/1) gave dissaccharide 14 (87 mg, 0.101 mmol, 83%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-3′-dibenzyl-phosphate-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (15)

To a solution of disaccharide 14 (70 mg, 0.081 mmol) and 1-H-tetrazole (23 mg, 0.328 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL) at 0° C., dibenzyl diisipropylphosphoramidite (110 mL, 0.327 mmol) was added dropwise. After the addition, the solution stirred for 3 h at r.t. The mixture was then cooled to 40° C. and a solution of 70% 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (50 mg, 0.203 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 h 30 min, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL), washed with sat. NaHSO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) and sat. NaCl (2×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 4:1) gave compound 15 (68 mg, 0.061 mmol, 75%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-dibenzyl-phosphate-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (16)

To a solution of disaccharide 15 (30 mg, 0.027 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL), H₂O (0.06 mL, 3.330 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (249 mL, 3.243 mmol) were added, and the reaction stirred for 18 h at r.t. The mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×25 mL), sat. NaCl (3×25 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography (hexane/AcOEt 1/3 to AcOEt 100% and finally AcOEt/MeOH 9/1) gave compound 16 (16 mg, 0.018 mmol, 67%).

1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-3′-phosphate-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol (RGL1029)

To a suspension of disaccharide 16 (8 mg, 8.910 mmol) in a mixture MeOH/H₂O 4/1 (0.3 mL), 10% Pd/C (2.1 mg, 0.002 mmol) was added and stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at r.t. for 18 h. The MeOH was evaporated, the crude suspended in dest. H₂O, filtered through celite and the filtrate lyophilized to give RGL1029 (3.6 mg, 8.545 mmol, 96%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz): δ5.30 (broad s, 1H, H_(1′)), 4.22 (broad s, 1H, H_(3′)), 3.97 (m, 1H, H_(5′)), 3.90 (broad s, 1H, H₂), 3.70 (m, 2H, H_(6′a)+H_(6′b)), 3.66 (broad d, 1H, H₁), 3.60 (broad t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H, H₆), 3.54 (m, 1H, H_(4′)), 3.51 (t, J=9.1 Hz, H, H₄), 3.41 (dd, J₁=9.1 Hz, J₂=4.1 Hz, 1H, H₃), 3.31 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H, H₅), 3.25 (m, 1H, H_(2′)). ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz): d 97.20 (C_(1′)), 80.88 (C₆), 73.42 (C_(3′)),72.88 (C₅), 72.82 (C₄), 72.76 (C₂), 72.0 (C_(5′)), 71.91 (C₁), 71.25 (C₃), 69.52 (C_(4′)), 60.25 (C_(6′a)+C_(6′b)), 54.59 (C_(2′)).

Synthesis of RGL1105

1″-D-4′-O-(2″,3″,4″-tri-O-benzyl-6″-tertbutyldimethylsilyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol] (3)

A mixture of compounds 1 (284 mg, 0.298 mmol) and 2 (340 mg, 0.408 mmol), was dissolved in Toluene and the solvent removed (3×10 mL). To the water-free solid mixture, Et₂O anh. (10 mL) and 4 Å powdered molecular sieves was added and allowed to dissolve at room temperature under Argon atmosphere. After 5 min, TMSOTf (12 μL, 0.066 mmol) was added and the reaction allowed to proceed for 90 min. Then, the reaction was quenched with Et₃N (2 mL) and after 5 min stirring, the solvents are removed and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, hexane/AcOEt 19:1), to obtain 3 (363 mg, 75%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): d 7.72-7.58 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.42-7.13 (m, 39H, ArH), 7.07 (m, 5H, ArH), 6.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, ArH), 5.58 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 5.261 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 4.95 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.87 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.75-4.63 (m, 7H), 4.62-4.49 (m, 4H), 4.42 (m, 2H), 4.46 (m, 3H), 4,7 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4 12 (m, 3H), 4.1 (dd, J₁=3 Hz, J₂=11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.91 (m, 3H), 3.78-3.89 (m, 4H), 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.44 (m, 1H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.55 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H),1.47 (m, 1H), 1.27-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.10 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 3H).

1″-D-4′-O-(2″,3″,4″-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol] (4)

A solution of 3 (290 mg, 0.179 mmol) in THF (15 mL) under Argon atmosphere, was treated with TBAF (1.0 M in THF, 1.8 mL, 1.800 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and kept stirring for 66 h. Then, the solvents were removed, the remaining material redissolved in AcOEt (50 mL), washed with NaCl s.s. (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and the solvents evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, hexane/AcOEt 9:1 to 8:1 to 6:1 and finally 4:1), to obtain 4 (206 mg, 83%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): 7.25-7.44 (m, 37H, ArH), 7.11-7.20 (m, 3H, ArH), 5.68 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 5.32 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 4.95 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.86 (m, 12H), 4.50 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.40 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.10 (m, 3H ), 3.82-4.03 (m, 6H), 3.64-3.76 (m, 5H), 3.47-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.41 (dd, J₁=3.5 Hz, J₂=10 Hz, 1H), 2.4 (s,1H, OH), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.53 (d, J=13 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.24-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.13 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 3H).

1″-D-4′-O-(2″,3″,4″-tri-O-benzyl-6″-dibenzylphosphate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol] (5)

To a solution of trisaccharide 4 (190 mg, 0.137 mmol) and 1H-Tetrazole in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) under Argon atmosphere and at 0° C., dibenzyl diisipropylphosphoramidite (DBPA, 0.1 mL, 0.298 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h, while allowing to reach room temperature. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of 70% 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (85 mg, 0.345 mmol) in anh. CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL), washed with sat. Na₂SO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL) and sat. NaCl (2×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 9/1, 8/1, 7/1, 6/1, 5/1 and 4/1) gave compound 5 (210 mg, 93%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): d 7.13-7.42 (m, 49H, ArH), 7.08 (m, 1H, ArH), 5.66 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 5.28 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 4.90-5.03 (m, 6H), 4.75-4.81 (m, 4H), 4.72 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.52-4.61 (m, 3H), 4.45 (m, 2H), 4.34 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.29 (m, 3H), 4.03-4.12 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.94 (m, 5H), 3.72 (m, 2H), 3.56 (m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J₁=3.5 Hz, J₂=10 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.52 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.46 (m, 1H), 1.28 (m, 1H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃, 202 MHz): d−1.72.

1″-D-4′-O-(2″,3″,4″-tri-O-benzyl-6″-dibenzylphosphate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′,6′-di-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-myo-inositol] (6)

To a solution of trisaccharide 5 (200 mg, 0.122 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) H₂O (0.2 mL, 11.1 mmol), and trifluoroacetic acid (0.6 mL, 7.81 mmol) were added and the reaction stirred for 18 h at r.t. The mixture was then diluted with AcOEt (50 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL), sat. NaCl (3×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Flash chromatography of the crude mixture (hexane/AcOEt 4/1, 2/1, 1/1 y 1/2) gave compound 6 (142 mg,77%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): d 7.10-7.39 (m, 50H), 5.53 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 5.24 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 4.87-5.03 (m, 8H), 4.72-4.79 (m, 4H), 4.63 (m, 2H), 4.57 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.49 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H, H benc.), 4.25-4.38 (m, 3H), 4.09-4.26 (m, 4H), 4.01-4.09 (m, 3H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.84 (m, 3H), 3.69 (m, 3H), 3.6 (m, 1H), 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 2H), 3.37 (m, 1H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 2.94 (wide s., 1H, OH). ³¹P-RMN (CDCl₃, 202 MHz): d−1.79.

1″-D-4′-O-(6″-phosphate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-myo-inositol] (RGL 1105)

To a suspension of trisaccharide 6 (115 mg, 0.076 mmol) in a mixture of MeOH/H₂O (5 mL, 9:1) 10% Pd/C (162 mg, 0.152 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at r.t. for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated, the crude suspended in H₂O (10 mL), filtered through celite and the filtrate lyophilized to give RGL1105 (45 mg, quant.). ¹H-RMN (D₂O, 500 MHz): d 5.46 (d, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H anom.), 5.31 (s, 1H, H anom.), 4.0-4.27 (m, 6H), 3.72-3.92 (m, 8H), 3.68 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H). ³¹P-RMN (D₂O, 202 MHz): d 0.66.

Synthesis of RGL1115

Synthesis of 1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-O-benzyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucosopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-3,4-O-(1,1,3,3,-tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl)-5-O-di-benzylphosphate-myo-inositol 12

To a solution of α-1,6 anomer 11 (0.16 mmol) and 1-H-tetrazole (0.63 mmol) in anhydrous Cl₂CH₂ (15 ml) at 0° C. (ice bath) was added dropwise dibenzyl diisopropylphosphoramidite (0.63 mmol). After the addition was completed the ice-bath was removed and the mixture left to stir under an inert atmosphere whilst being monitored by TLC analysis (hexane:EtOAc [4:1]). After 72 hours the α-1,6 anomer 11 starting material had been consumed. A solution of mCPBA (0.39 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (5 ml) was added to the reaction vessel and the mixture left to stir for 3 hours at R.T. under an inert atmosphere. The mixture was diluted with DCM (30 ml), washed with sat. Na₂SO₃ (2×25 ml), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×25 ml) and brine (2×25 ml). The organic layer was then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc [4:1]) to yield phosphate 12 as a pale yellow oil (60%). δ_(H) (CDCl₃: 360 MHz) 4.6 (2H, dd, PhCH ₂O), 5.3 (1H, d, H1′), 5.4 (1H, s, PhCHO); δ_(P) (CDCl₃: 146 MHz) 0.2 (1P^(v)).

Synthesis of 1′-D-6-O-(2′-amido-3′-O-benzyl-4′,6′-O-benzylidene-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucosopyranosyl)-1,2-O-(L-1,7,7-trimethyl[2.2.1]-bicyclohept-2-ylidene)-5-O-di-benzylphosphate-myo-inositol 13

To a solution of phosphate 12 (0.09 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1.3 ml) at 0° C. (ice bath) was added TBAF (1.0 M solution in THF) (0.2 ml) and the reaction left to stir at R.T. under an inert atmosphere. After 45 minutes TLC analysis (hexane:EtOAc [3:2]) indicated that all phosphate 12 starting material had been consumed. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo before being purified by column chromatography (hexane:EtOAc [3:2]) to yield de-silylated saccharide 13 as a pale yellow oil (44%). δ_(H) (d4-MeOH: 360 MHz) 5.4 (1H, d, H1′), 5.5 (1H, s, PhCHO); δ_(P) (d4-MeOH: 146 MHz) 1.1 (1P^(v)).

Synthesis of 1′-D-6-O-(2′-azido-3′-O-benzyl-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucosopyranosyl)-5-O-di-henzylphosphate-myo-inositol 14

To a solution of de-silylated saccharide 13 (0.04 mmol) in DCM (5.0 ml) was added distilled water (44 ml) then TFA (187 ml) and the mixture stirred at R.T. for 4 hours whilst being monitored by TLC analysis (EtOAc). The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo before the crude product was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc [100%] then EtOAc:MeOH [10:1]) to yield the de-protected saccharide 14 (89%) as a pale yellow oil. δ_(H) (d4-MeOH: 360 MHz) 5.3 (1H, d, H1′); δ_(P) (d4-MeOH: 146 MHz) 0.9 (1P^(v)).

Synthesis of 1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucosopyranosyl)-5-O-phosphate-myo-inositol 15

To a suspension of de-protected saccharide 14 (0.04 mmol) in a mixture of HPLC grade methanol:distilled water [4:1] (1 ml) was added 10% wt Pd/C (10 mg) and the mixture stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen at R.T. for 72 hours. The methanol was evaporated in vacuo before the crude product was suspended in distilled water then filtered through celite. The filtrate was then evaporated to dryness in vacuo to yield a yellow oil. ¹H-NMR analysis of this oil indicated benzyl groups remained on the pseudo-disaccharide. Consequently, the oil was re-suspended in a mixture of HPLC grade methanol:distilled water [4:1] (1 ml). 10% wt. Pd/C (10 mg) was added and the mixture stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen at R.T. for a further 20 hours. The methanol was evaporated in vacuo, the crude product suspended in distilled water before being filtered through celite. The filtrate was then evaporated to dryness in vacuo to yield de-protected phosphate 15 as a dark yellow oil. ¹H-NMR analysis indicated that the product 15 was slightly contaminated with impurities. The product 15 was therefore re-dissolved in distilled water and washed with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was then concentrated to dryness in vacuo to give pure de-protected phosphate 15 (11 mg) as a light brown oil. δ_(H) (D₂O: 360 MHz) 5.6 (1H, d, H1′); δ_(P) (D₂O: 146 MHz) 2.4 (1P^(v)).

Assay Data

PDH activation: 100 μM RGL1023  14% RGL1027 132% RGL1029 361% RGL1115  18%

These results are represented schematically in FIG. 1, which compares the results obtained for the first three compounds of the invention with myo-inositol.

FIGS. 2 and 3 report the effect of compounds RGL1023, 1027 and 1029 on basal and glucose stimulated lipogenesis. These results show that compounds RGL1029 and 1023 stimulate lipogenesis in both assays while RGL1027 inhibits lipogenesis.

PKA inhibition: 0.1 μM 10 μM RGL1027 18% 10% RGL1029 59% 33%

These results and those for compound RGL1023 are reported in FIG. 4.

REFERENCES

The references mentioned herein are all expressly incorporated by reference.

[1] (a) Varela-Nieto et al, Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,. 115B:223-241, 1996; (b) Strälfors, Bioassays, 19:327-335, 1997; (c) Field, Glycobiology, 7:161-168, 1997; (d) Jones & Varela-Nieto, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 30:313-326, 1998.

[2] Mato et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 146:746-770, 1987.

[3] Larner et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 151:1416-1426, 1998.

[4] Caro et al, Biochem. Mol. Med., 61:214-228, 1997.

[5] For reviews on the synthesis of these structures see: (a) Gigg & Gigg in Glycopeptides and Related Compounds, Large & Warren, Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997, pp 327-392; (b) Khiar & Martin-Lomas in Carbohydrate Mimics. Concepts and Methods, Chapleur Ed Wiley VCH, 1998, pp 443-462; (c) Dietrich et al, Chem. Eur. J., 5:320-336, 1999.

[6] Jaramillo et al, J. Org. Chem., 59, 3135-3141, 1994.

[7] Corey & Venkateswarlu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94:6190, 1974.

[8] Ley et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 33:2290-2292, 1994.

[9] Kinzi & Schmidt, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1537-1545, 1985.

[10] Vasella et al, Helv. Chim. Acta., 74:2073-2077, 1991.

[11] Schmidt & Kinzi, Adv. Carbohydy. Chem. Biochem., 50:21-123, 1994.

[12] Once et al, Chem. Eur. J., 3:431-440, 1997.

[13] Rademacher et al, Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res., 27:327-341, 1994.

[14] Caro et al, Biochem. Molec. Med., 61:214-228, 1997.

[15] Kunjara et al, In: Biopolymers and Bioproducts: Structure, Function and Applications, Ed Svati et al, 301-305, 1995.

[16] Zapata et al, Carbohydrate Res., 264:21-31, 1994.

[17] Dietrich et al, Chem. Eur. J., 5:320-336, 1999.

[18] Baeschlin et al, Chem. Eur. J., 6(1):172-186, 2000.

WO98/11116 and WO98/11117 (Rademacher Group Limited).

WO98/11435 and WO98/10791 (Rademacher Group Limited).

WO99/38516 (Rademacher Group Limited). 

What is claimed:
 1. A compound represented by the general formula: X-α1,6-D-myo-inositol wherein: X represents a sugar residue; the sugar residue is substituted with one or more negatively charged groups; the sugar residue is optionally further substituted with between one and three groups, and the myo-inositol is unsubstituted or is substituted with between one and five groups, the group or groups being independently selected from: (a) the phosphoryl groups phosphate —O—P(O)(OH)₂; thiophosphate —O—P(S)(OH)₂; phosphate esters —O—P(O)(OR)₂; thiophosphate esters —O—P(S)(OR)₂; phosphonate —O—P(O)OHR; thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OHR; substituted phosphonate —O—P(O)OR₁R₂; substituted thiophosphonate —O—P(S)OR₁R₂; —O—P(S)(OH)(SH); cyclic phosphate; (b) the phosphorus containing compounds phosphoramidite —O—P(OR)—NR₁R₂ and phosphoramidate —O—P(O)(OR)—NR₁R₂; (c) the sulphur-containing groups —O—S(O)(OH), —SH, —SR, —S(—O)—R, —S(O)₂R, RO—S(O)₂ ⁻, —O—SO₂NH₂, —O—SO₂R₁R₂ or sulphamide —NHSO₂NH₂; (d) the amino groups —NHR, —NR₁R₂, —NHAc, —NHCOR, —NH—O—COR, —NHSO₃ ⁻, —NHSO₂R, —N(SO₂R)₂, the amidino group —NH—C(═NH)NH₂ and the ureido group —NH—CO—NR₁R₂ or thiouriedo group —NH—C(S)—NH₂; (e) the hydroxy group; the substituted hydroxy groups —OR₃, where R₃ is C₁₋₁₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl (unsubstituted alkyl), alkylene (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl), —OCOR, aryl, heteroaryl, acetal, or said substituted groups comprise two hydroxyl groups joined to form a ketal; (f) the halogen substituents fluorine or chlorine; and (g) hydrogen, forming a deoxy sugar; wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₁₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or aryl; or a derivative thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the sugar residue is a hexose or a pentose, or substituted forms thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein the sugar residue is a hexose selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose or mannose.
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein the sugar residue is a hexosamine.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein the hexosamine is galactosamine or glucosamine.
 6. The compound of claim 1 which is selected from the group consisting of: RGL1023 O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-6′-phosphate-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1,6)-D-myo-inositol; RGL1027 O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-4′-phosphate-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1,6)-D-myo-inositol; RGL1029 O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-3′-phosphate-D-glucopyranosyl)-α(1,6)-D-myo-inositol; RGL1105 1″-D-4′-O-(6″-phosphate-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-[1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucanopyranosyl)-myo-inositol]; and RGL1115 1′-D-6-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-D-glucanopyranosyl)-5-O-phosphate-myo-inositol; or a derivative thereof.
 7. A compound of claim 1, wherein said substituted hydroxy group is OR₃, and R₃ is selected from the group consisting of CHF₂ and CF₃.
 8. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 9. A method of treating a condition in a mammal ameliorated by an inositol phosphoglycan (IPG) second messenger or an IPG antagonist, the method comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 